Building a Spring Boot application in Jenkins (part 1 of microservice devops series)

Last Updated on November 25, 2022

Welcome to the first of this three part series where we’ll take a Spring Boot microservice from inception to deployment.

In this article, we’ll create a simple Spring Boot API application with integration tests, and then build it in a Jenkins pipeline every time a change is pushed to version control.

The full series of articles includes:

• Part 1: writing a Spring Boot application and setting up a Jenkins pipeline to build it (this article)
• Part 2: wrapping the application in a Docker image, building it in Jenkins, then pushing it to Docker Hub
• Part 3: deploying the Docker image as a container from Jenkins into AWS

After this series you’ll have a solid foundation in the best practices to bring continuous integration to microservice architectures.

Ready? Let’s get right into it!

UPDATED in June 2021 to use latest Spring, Gradle, Jenkins and other plugin/dependency versions.

1. Creating a Spring Boot application

Spring Boot is a framework for easily writing Java web applications. In our case, we’ll use it to create an API service. This is a common requirement of microservice architectures, especially those that have a UI that communicates with a backend API.

Just for fun, we’ll base the application around theme park rides. 🎢 It will be geared towards doing basic get & create operations on theme park rides, comprising a:

• GET API at/ride to get all the rides the application knows about
• GET API at /ride/{id} to get details of a specific ride by id
• POST API at /ride to add a new ride

Code repo: following along with the code snippets and creating the project from scratch is the best way to get more familiar with Spring Boot. If you want a fast-pass ticket though, here’s all the code in GitHub.

Application design

We’ll use a fairly typical Spring Boot Model-View-Controller format, which normally looks like this:

In our case though, we won’t implement a service as there is no business logic to speak of.

Build file

We’ll be using the popular Gradle tool to build this application. Make sure you’ve got a recent version installed on your machine before proceeding.

Create a new directory for the project, and navigate into it. Run gradle init to start the Gradle setup wizard, choosing to create a basic Groovy project with the default name. This creates a skeleton of a Gradle project, including the Gradle wrapper used for interacting with the application.

Gradle help:
1) If you’re using IntelliJ IDEA check out this article to learn how to create Gradle projects from your IDE
2) For a more general overview check out my introduction to Gradle YouTube video
3) Here’s an article all about the infamous Gradle wrapper

A build.gradle file is automatically generated. Modify it so it looks like the one below:

plugins {
    id 'java'
    id 'io.spring.dependency-management' version "1.0.11.RELEASE"
    id 'org.springframework.boot' version '2.5.0'
    id 'pl.allegro.tech.build.axion-release' version '1.13.2'
}

version = scmVersion.version
sourceCompatibility = 8

repositories {
    mavenCentral()
    jcenter()
}

dependencies {
    implementation 'org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-web'
    implementation 'org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-validation'
    implementation 'org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-actuator'
    implementation 'org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-data-jpa'
    implementation 'org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-devtools'
    implementation group: 'com.h2database', name: 'h2', version: '1.4.200'

    compileOnly 'org.projectlombok:lombok:1.18.20'
    annotationProcessor 'org.projectlombok:lombok:1.18.20'

    testImplementation 'org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-test'
}

test {
    useJUnitPlatform()
}

• the Spring dependency-management and boot plugins bring Spring Boot functionality to our build
• the axion-release plugin adds versioning using tags
• we’re got several Spring Boot dependencies to allow us to use the Spring Boot web framework with databases
• the h2 dependency will enable us to use an in memory database
• Lombok has been configured as an annotation processor to reduce boilerplate code through code generation

Now let’s create some Java classes. This, and all the following classes, should be created in src/main/java in the package that appears at the top of each individual class definition.

Entity class

The entity class represents each instance of a theme park ride. Let’s create a ThemeParkRide class:

package com.tomgregory.entity;

import lombok.Getter;
import lombok.NoArgsConstructor;
import lombok.ToString;

import javax.persistence.Entity;
import javax.persistence.GeneratedValue;
import javax.persistence.GenerationType;
import javax.persistence.Id;
import javax.validation.constraints.NotEmpty;

@Entity
@Getter
@ToString
@NoArgsConstructor
public class ThemeParkRide {
  @Id
  @GeneratedValue(strategy=GenerationType.AUTO)
  private Long id;
  @NotEmpty
  private String name;
  @NotEmpty
  private String description;
  private int thrillFactor;
  private int vomitFactor;

  public ThemeParkRide(String name, String description, int thrillFactor, int vomitFactor) {
    this.name = name;
    this.description = description;
    this.thrillFactor = thrillFactor;
    this.vomitFactor = vomitFactor;
  }

}

• this is a simple POJO (plain old Java object) class with id, name, description, thrillFactor, and vomitFactor fields 🤮
• the class is annotated with @Entity so Spring Boot knows what kind of class it is
• we’re using the Lombok annotation processor to generate a default constructor, a toString() method, and getter methods for each field
• @NotEmpty annotations are applied to the name and description fields for validation when we create a theme park ride

Repository class

We’ll use a repository interface to read and write ThemeParkRide entities from/to the database. The beauty of the spring-boot-starter-data-jpa library that we imported in build.gradle is that you only have to define the method signatures of the interactions you want with the database, and the library does the rest.

Create an interface called ThemeParkRideRepository:

package com.tomgregory.repository;

import com.tomgregory.entity.ThemeParkRide;
import org.springframework.data.repository.CrudRepository;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Repository;

import java.util.List;

@Repository
public interface ThemeParkRideRepository extends CrudRepository<ThemeParkRide, Long> {
    List<ThemeParkRide> findByName(String name);
}

• the @Repository annotation lets Spring Boot know what kind of component this class is
• extending CrudRepository provides some default methods such as save and findById
• the findByName method definition will be implemented automatically by Spring Boot, matching to the name field of the ThemeParkRide entity class

Controller class

A controller class defines an API and how it interacts with the rest of the application. Create a class called ThemeParkRideController:

package com.tomgregory.controller;

import com.tomgregory.repository.ThemeParkRideRepository;
import com.tomgregory.entity.ThemeParkRide;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Value;
import org.springframework.http.HttpStatus;
import org.springframework.http.MediaType;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.*;
import org.springframework.web.server.ResponseStatusException;

import javax.validation.Valid;

@RestController
public class ThemeParkRideController {
    private final ThemeParkRideRepository themeParkRideRepository;

    public ThemeParkRideController(ThemeParkRideRepository themeParkRideRepository) {
        this.themeParkRideRepository = themeParkRideRepository;
    }

    @GetMapping(value = "/ride", produces = MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON_VALUE)
    public Iterable<ThemeParkRide> getRides() {
        return themeParkRideRepository.findAll();
    }

    @GetMapping(value = "/ride/{id}", produces = MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON_VALUE)
    public ThemeParkRide getRide(@PathVariable long id){
        return themeParkRideRepository.findById(id).orElseThrow(() -> new ResponseStatusException(HttpStatus.NOT_FOUND, String.format("Invalid ride id %s", id)));
    }

    @PostMapping(value = "/ride", consumes = MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON_VALUE, produces = MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON_VALUE)
    public ThemeParkRide createRide(@Valid @RequestBody ThemeParkRide themeParkRide) {
        return themeParkRideRepository.save(themeParkRide);
    }
}

• the @RestController annotation tells Spring Boot what type of component this is
• for the getRides method we use the @GetMapping annotation to tell Spring Boot we’re expecting a GET request at the specified path
• the getRide method has a @PathVariable annotation so we can pass the ride id in the path /ride/{id}
• the createRide method uses the @RequestBody annotation to automatically map the JSON request to the ThemeParkRide entity.
• the @Valid annotation is included on the incoming ThemeParkRide entity to validate it according to any annotations on its fields (e.g. @NotEmpty)

Application class

The final class we have to add to have a fully working (but untested) application will be ThemeParkApplication:

package com.tomgregory;

import com.tomgregory.entity.ThemeParkRide;
import com.tomgregory.repository.ThemeParkRideRepository;
import org.springframework.boot.CommandLineRunner;
import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;

@SpringBootApplication
public class ThemeParkApplication  {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        SpringApplication.run(ThemeParkApplication.class);
    }

    @Bean
    public CommandLineRunner sampleData(ThemeParkRideRepository repository) {
        return (args) -> {
            repository.save(new ThemeParkRide("Rollercoaster", "Train ride that speeds you along.", 5, 3));
            repository.save(new ThemeParkRide("Log flume", "Boat ride with plenty of splashes.", 3, 2));
            repository.save(new ThemeParkRide("Teacups", "Spinning ride in a giant tea-cup.", 2, 4));
        };
    }
}

• the @SpringBootApplication annotation tells Spring Boot that this class is defining our main application
• the main method means that when we run this class the application will start
• the sampleData bean definition adds three default rides for us

2. Trying out our Spring Boot application

Run the ThemeParkApplication class or ./gradlew bootRun to start the application:

Let’s make some requests to the application. I recommend the Postman tool for easily making requests via a nice UI.

Get all rides

Let’s call GET /ride to get all rides

We can see the three rides are returned as per the sampleData bean definition in ThemeParkApplication.

Create ride

Let’s POST some JSON data to /ride to create a new ride:

{
	"name":"Monorail",
	"description":"Sedate ride that takes you around the park.",
	"thrillFactor":2,
	"vomitFactor":1
}

We’ll need to remember to also add a Content-Type header of application/json.

That’s a 200 OK response. So far, so good.

Get ride

Let’s GET the ride we just added calling /ride/4:

The Monorail ride is returned as expected!

Adding a test

It’s great that everything’s working, but let’s add an automated test to validate this functionality so our fingers don’t get too tired. 🤞

What follows is an integration test class ThemeParkApplicationIT that should be added to src/test/java. We’ll use it to test interactions with the three APIs all the way through our application to the database.

package com.tomgregory;

import static org.springframework.test.web.servlet.result.MockMvcResultMatchers.status;

import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.extension.ExtendWith;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.boot.test.autoconfigure.web.servlet.AutoConfigureMockMvc;
import org.springframework.boot.test.context.SpringBootTest;
import org.springframework.http.MediaType;
import org.springframework.test.context.junit.jupiter.SpringExtension;
import org.springframework.test.web.servlet.MockMvc;
import org.springframework.test.web.servlet.request.MockMvcRequestBuilders;

@ExtendWith( SpringExtension.class)
@SpringBootTest
@AutoConfigureMockMvc
public class ThemeParkApplicationIT {

    @Autowired
    private MockMvc mockMvc;

    @Test
    public void getsAllRides() throws Exception {
        mockMvc.perform(MockMvcRequestBuilders.get("/ride")
                .accept(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON))
                .andExpect(status().isOk())
                .andReturn();
    }

    @Test
    public void getsSingleRide() throws Exception {
        mockMvc.perform(MockMvcRequestBuilders.get("/ride/1")
                .accept(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON))
                .andExpect(status().isOk())
                .andReturn();
    }

    @Test
    public void returnsNotFoundForInvalidSingleRide() throws Exception {
        mockMvc.perform(MockMvcRequestBuilders.get("/ride/4")
                .accept(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON))
                .andExpect(status().isNotFound())
                .andReturn();
    }

    @Test
    public void addsNewRide() throws Exception {
        String newRide = "{\"name\":\"Monorail\",\"description\":\"Sedate travelling ride.\",\"thrillFactor\":2,\"vomitFactor\":1}";
        mockMvc.perform(MockMvcRequestBuilders.post("/ride")
                .contentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON)
                .content(newRide)
                .accept(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON))
                .andExpect(status().isOk())
                .andReturn();
    }
}

• the 3 class level annotations are required so that Spring Boot initialises itself, creates the beans, and configures the MockMvc class
• MockMvc can be used to make requests into our application. For example, in the first test we’re making a GET request to /ride and expecting a status().isOk() response

Run the test by executing ./gradlew test. Open up build/reports/tests/test/index.html to see your test report.

Everything’s A-OK!

3. Running Jenkins

The next stage is to automatically build our Spring Boot application on commit, or in other words to use continuous integration. This will ensure that our master branch is always in a good state, and anything that gets deployed into production is a working version of our application.

We’ll use the popular build tool Jenkins for this purpose, and will set it up to run as a Docker container on our local machine. For the following steps you’ll need Docker, which you can get from the Docker website.

Bootstrapping Jenkins

A good devops philosophy is to define all infrastructure and configuration as code. So, we’ll bootstrap Jenkins to start up and configure whatever jobs we need automatically, with minimal manual setup required.

This concept has been discussed in detail in my How to bootstrap Jenkins for disaster recovery and accountability YouTube video. We’ll build on top of the code example from the video, which can be found in this GitHub repository and cloned like this:

git clone https://github.com/tkgregory/jenkins-demo.git

Make sure the Spring Boot application is stopped as Jenkins uses the same port. Then build and run Jenkins:

./gradlew build docker dockerRun

Navigate to http://localhost:8080 and you’ll have an instance of Jenkins running:

You can see we already have one job called seed-job automatically available. This job is responsible for creating any other jobs that we need. Let’s run it by clicking on the name and then clicking Build Now.

Once it finishes, go back to the Jenkins home page and you’ll see that seed-job has generated an additional pipelineJob for us.

Build that job and you’ll see we have a successful pipeline execution, with a Build and Test stage:

Info: a pipeline in Jenkins is just a specific kind of job that can be split into different stages, as shown in the UI above

If you click on the blue circle to the left of #1 in Build History, you can see the console output:

These two stages just print out some text for now. The point is that we can very quickly have a working instance of Jenkins available. In the next section, we’ll add a new pipeline for our theme park application.

4. Adding a Jenkins pipeline job to build the Spring Boot application

Let’s modify the jenkins-demo project to include a new pipeline to build our Spring Boot application. The diagram below summarises the flow from when we initially run seed-job to when our pipeline job will run against our theme park application.

Once again, make the code changes yourself for the best learning experience. To do this you’ll need to create and push two of your own repositories:

1. a repository for the Spring Boot theme park application (everything created in sections 1 and 2 of this article). Once created, you’ll need to substitute your own Git repository URL in the createJobs.groovy code snippet below.
2. a repository for the Jenkins code. This should be based on the jenkins-demo project (you can fork the project if you like). Once created, edit the seedJob.xml, replacing the existing Git repository on line 10 with your own e.g. <url>https://github.com/<your-username>/jenkins-demo.git</url>

If you don’t want to create any repositories and instead prefer to use the ones I’ve made available for you, I’ll also explain how to do that below.

Creating a new job

Open up the createJobs.groovy file, which is responsible for creating any jobs when seed-job is run. We’ll add the following section which defines an additional pipeline job:

pipelineJob('theme-park-job') {
    definition {
        cpsScm {
            scm {
                git {
                    remote {
                        url 'https://github.com/tkgregory/spring-boot-api-example.git'
                    }
                    branch 'master'
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

This definition uses the Jenkins Job DSL Plugin syntax to create a pipeline job from a Jenkinsfile in the spring-boot-api-example repository (or use your own if you prefer). A Jenkinsfile is a pipeline definition that lives inside the repository of the project that it applies to.

Info: the Jenkins Job DSL plugin provides a mechanism to bootstrap Jenkins jobs. Without it, you’d have to create the jobs from the UI.

Push the above change to your own repository, as Jenkins has to fetch the createJobs.groovy file remotely.

If you don’t want to set that up, you can modify seedJob.xml and change the branch name on line 15 from master to theme-park-job.

<branches>
  <hudson.plugins.git.BranchSpec>
	<name>*/theme-park-job</name>
  </hudson.plugins.git.BranchSpec>
</branches>

This way it will fetch the updated createJobs.groovy file from a branch I’ve made available just for you.

Adding a Jenkinsfile to spring-boot-api-example

We’ll create a Jenkinsfile in the top level of the project with the following contents:

pipeline {
    agent any

    triggers {
        pollSCM '* * * * *'
    }
    stages {
        stage('Build') {
            steps {
                sh './gradlew assemble'
            }
        }
        stage('Test') {
            steps {
                sh './gradlew test'
            }
        }
    }
}

This is a basic pipeline that checks for any changes to our code every minute, then runs two stages:

• Build – where we assemble the project
• Test – where we test the project

Push these changes to your own repository, or just rely on the repository I’ve already added with the required Jenkinsfile.

Running the new job

Stop the previous Jenkins instance by running ./gradlew dockerStop then bring up a fresh one with:

./gradlew build docker dockerRun

First run the seed-job again to create the new theme-park-job:

Then click on the new job and hit Build Now:

After some time you should have a successful build. Jenkins will highlight in green the two stages we defined, as well as the initial checkout.

5. Final thoughts

Getting Jenkins running and building a Spring Boot project can be quite straightforward. Obviously in a proper setup you won’t run Jenkins on your local machine, as you’ll need high availability and most likely access by other team members. If you’re using AWS consider running Jenkins in an ECS or EKS cluster (see Deploy your own production-ready Jenkins in AWS ECS).

In part 2 of this series we’ll move our Spring Boot application into Docker, build the Docker image in Jenkins, and then push that to a remote repository.

6. Resources

GITHUB
Check out the sample Spring Boot application for the theme park API
Here you can find the code for the jenkins-demo project, for bringing up an instance of Jenkins. The theme-park-job branch contains the updated version of createJobs.groovy.

GRADLE
Gradle Tutorial – why you should use it and how to get started

VIDEO
If you prefer to learn in video format, check out the accompanying video to this post on the Tom Gregory Tech YouTube channel.